Stem cell-derived neurons from various source materials present unique model systems to examine the fundamental properties\nof central nervous system (CNS) development as well as the molecular underpinnings of disease phenotypes. In order to more\naccurately assess potential therapies for neurological disorders, multiple strategies have been employed in recent years to produce\nneuronal populations that accurately represent in vivo regional and transmitter phenotypes. These include new technologies such as\ndirect conversion of somatic cell types into neurons and glia which may accelerate maturation and retain genetic hallmarks of aging.\nIn addition, novel forms of genetic manipulations have brought human stem cells nearly on par with those of rodent with respect\nto gene targeting. For neurons of the CNS, the ultimate phenotypic characterization lies with their ability to recapitulate functional\nproperties such as passive and active membrane characteristics, synaptic activity, and plasticity. These features critically depend\non the coordinated expression and localization of hundreds of ion channels and receptors, as well as scaffolding and signaling\nmolecules. In this review I will highlight the current state of knowledge regarding functional properties of human stem cell-derived\nneurons, with a primary focus on pluripotent stem cells. While significant advances have been made, critical hurdles must be\novercome in order for this technology to support progression toward clinical applications.
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